Based on the new DNA strategy, the treatment of influenza virus shows hope

The Wistar Institute's MedImmune (AstraZeneca Global Biologics Research and Development Division) and Inovio Pharmaceuticals scientists have developed a novel, synthetic DNA-based strategy in preclinical models to provide protection against a variety of influenza viruses. These findings underscore this promising strategy, published in the npj vaccine.

Based on the new DNA strategy, the treatment of influenza virus shows hope

It is widely recognized that influenza strains change every year. Seasonal flu vaccines are effective against the annual flu virus. Therefore, at the end of the flu season, the vaccine must be put into production immediately for listing at the end of the summer.

“The process of discovery is not always smooth. Therefore, the vaccine available in the fall is not a good match for circulating strains, and the effect is poor,” said senior author David Weiner. The flu occasionally causes a dramatic change in the strain, leading to another strain of the virus, which requires a new vaccine development strategy that carries the risk of significant health consequences. "In addition, some vulnerable people may not respond well to vaccines, and the new, simple, rapid and widespread way to prevent the flu will be a big step forward."

Gene mutations can cause rare severe flu

A study of a French girl and her parents showed that a genetic mutation that was previously unknown and would destroy the body's immune system could trigger a rare but potentially life-threatening child's flu.

Gene mutations can cause rare severe flu

According to a survey published in the American Journal of Science, genetic mutations may be the root cause of severe flu in children. Most people get cured after a week with the flu, but the flu can become a very serious disease, even in some rare cases, which is fatal, and the results are confusing for doctors.

The Human Infectious Disease Genetics Laboratory, a researcher at the United States-French International Joint Laboratory, puts forward the hypothesis that serious flu in healthy children may be the result of genetic errors. To test this hypothesis, in January 2011, they were given a genome-wide determination of a seven-year-old child who was infected with severe flu at the age of two and a half after obtaining the consent of the child intensive care unit.

US and Japanese scientists recently discovered the 1918 pandemic deadly gene

Researchers in the United States and Japan have recently discovered that a genome formed by three genes may be the culprit leading to the 1918 pandemic, a finding that may contribute to the development of new influenza drugs.

US and Japanese scientists recently discovered the 1918 pandemic deadly gene

Researchers at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Tokyo in Japan reported in a new issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that they identified these three by mixing samples of 1918 influenza virus variants with samples of seasonal influenza viruses. The genes - PA, PB1 and PB2 - form a genome that allows the influenza virus to enter the lungs and cause pneumonia.

The University of Hong Kong has designed a gene against influenza virus that can effectively prevent and treat the flu.

The University of Hong Kong announced that its microbiology experts have used viral genes and proteins to develop drugs that effectively inhibit influenza virus. According to reports, the research team spent more than three years to design influenza DIG3 (defective interference gene), which can effectively inhibit the growth of influenza virus in cells, and is not easy to produce drug resistance. In addition, the research team designed a new protein called TAT-P1 as a gene carrier, which can not only introduce DIG3 into the cell to inhibit the growth of the virus, but also inhibit the virus replication by inhibiting the acidification of the cell endosomes, and exert a dual antiviral effect.

The University of Hong Kong has designed a gene against influenza virus that can effectively prevent and treat the flu.

Researchers at the University of Hong Kong found that injecting DIG3/TAT-P1 into the respiratory tract of mice one or two days before the laboratory mice were infected with H1N1 human influenza virus or H7N7 avian influenza virus or 6 hours after infection, it could effectively improve the survival rate of mice. Inhibits the growth of the virus in the lungs of mice. This shows that DIG3/TAT-P1 can effectively prevent and treat influenza.

Significant progress in the Phase III clinical study of Genentech's new influenza drug

Genentech a member of the Roche Group, announced that the CAPSTONE-2, a phase 3 study evaluating the efficacy of the new flu-influenza drug baloxavir marboxil in people with high-risk complication, reached the primary end point.

Significant progress in the Phase III clinical study of Genentech's new influenza drug

The flu is a serious threat to global human health. The annual flu epidemic can cause approximately 3 to 5 million patients to be seriously ill, millions of patients need hospitalization for treatment, and as many as 650,000 people die. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines the following populations as people with high-risk flu complications: elderly people 65 years of age or older, people with asthma, chronic lung disease, diabetes, or heart disease. For these patients, the flu may cause them to stay in hospital or even die. They urgently need a new drug to relieve the disease and reduce the incidence of complications.

Baloxavir marboxil was originally developed by Shionogi & Co., Japan. It is a new antiviral drug that inhibits viral replication by inhibiting cap-dependent endonuclease in influenza viruses. The mechanism of action of anti-influenza drugs is to prevent the spread of the virus in the body by targeting neuraminidase. Compared to these drugs, baloxavir marboxil targets the earlier stages of the viral replication cycle and it is effective against influenza viruses that have developed resistance to oseltamivir.

Several genetic mutations or human infection of bird flu

An international research team has recently discovered that several specific genetic mutations may lead to the ability of the H7N9 avian influenza virus to be transmitted from person to person. Monitoring these mutations will help prevent the spread of the epidemic in a timely manner.

Several genetic mutations or human infection of bird flu

  Avian influenza viruses usually only infect birds, but in recent years it has been found that multiple subtypes can be transmitted from poultry to humans. H7N9 is one of them. The ability of the avian influenza virus to obtain interpersonal infection has not yet been discovered, but if the virus acquires this ability through genetic mutations, it may lead to a pandemic.

  To this end, researchers at institutions such as the Scripps Research Institute have analyzed mutations that may occur in the H7N9 viral genome. They focused on genes encoding H7 hemagglutinin on the surface of the virus, a protein that binds the virus to host cells and causes infection.

New study finds two human genes related to avian influenza

A research team at the University of Chicago found that the mechanism by which the H5N1 avian influenza virus infects human lung epithelial cells is related to two human genes, so a new approach to antiviral development can be developed by affecting these two genes.

New study finds two human genes related to avian influenza

Related papers were published on the 10th in the new American academic journal Cell Report. The researchers said that when the H5N1 avian influenza virus infects the human body, it often invades through the lung epithelial cells. To screen which genes are involved in viral infection mechanisms, the researchers used gene editing techniques to create about 19,000 lung epithelial cells with different genetic variants that exposed them to the H5N1 virus.

It was found that the gene named SLC35A1 is responsible for encoding a receptor on the cell surface that the virus can use to "land" on the cell surface. If you knock it out, the virus loses the "hand" of the infected host.

Another gene, called CIC, regulates the immune response, which suppresses the immune response of cells to foreign pathogens. If it is turned off, the immune response will be stronger and help fight the bird flu virus.

Science: The new influenza gene

Brett Jagger and Paul Digard from the University of Edinburgh discovered a new flu gene that hides the 12 genes we know of in the past. This new gene, called PA-X, affects how the viral host reacts to the virus. Curiously, it seems to reduce the severity of the infection.

Science: The new influenza gene

I can write down the entire genome of the flu virus that exists in about one hundred birds, which is only 14,000 bases compared to the human gene, which contains more than 3 billion bases. However, this tiny genetic material is enough to kill thousands of people. Although sequencing is done again and again, we still have a lot of unknowns about it.

A study published in Science magazine is an excellent illustration of the depth of our ignorance. Brett Jagger and Paul Digard from the University of Edinburgh discovered a new flu gene that hides the 12 genes we know of in the past.

This new gene, called PA-X, affects how the viral host reacts to the virus. Curiously, it seems to reduce the severity of the infection. Virologist Ron Fouchier said: "This is indeed an exciting discovery in the flu field." Dendard's old colleague, flu researcher Wendy Barclay from Imperial College London, said: "How can we miss it? It highlights these genomes. How dense is it."

What is the influenza A virus? What are the characteristics, manifestations, complications, and prevention methods of influenza A?

What is the influenza A virus? What are the characteristics, manifestations, complications, and prevention methods of influenza A?

What is the influenza A virus? What are the characteristics, manifestations, complications, and prevention methods of influenza A?

Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus is a common influenza virus, and influenza A virus is the most susceptible to mutation. The subtype of influenza A virus is called "bird flu". Bird Flu is a kind of bird flu virus. Acute infectious diseases, virus gene mutations can infect humans, the symptoms after infection are mainly high fever, cough, runny, myalgia, etc., most of them are accompanied by severe pneumonia, severe heart, kidney and other organ failure leading to death The mortality rate is very high. The disease can be transmitted through digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin damage and conjunctiva. People and vehicles are important factors in the spread of this disease.
Influenza A is highly pathogenic to humans and has caused worldwide pandemics. Among the influenza A viruses, the avian influenza virus subtypes that have been found to directly infect humans are: H1N1, H5N1, H7N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9, H9N2 and H10N8. Among them, H1, H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic, and H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 are particularly worthy of attention.

Virus profile
Influenza A virus is a common influenza virus. It is mainly susceptible to mutating while the main subtype is called some bird flu, so it is also an acute infectious disease in daily life, and after infection. The main symptoms are some high fever, some cough, some pneumonia and some small dysfunction, so it is necessary to treat and prevent it in time.

What is a influenza virus? What are the routes of transmission, diagnostic methods, and preventive measures for influenza viruses?

What is a influenza  virus? What are the routes of transmission, diagnostic methods, and preventive measures for influenza viruses?

What is a influenza  virus? What are the routes of transmission, diagnostic methods, and preventive measures for influenza viruses?

Introduction to influenza virus
Influenza virus is a representative species of Orthomyxoviridae, abbreviated as influenza virus, including human influenza virus and animal influenza virus. Human influenza virus is divided into three types: A, B, and C. It is influenza. The pathogen of (flu). Among them, the antigenicity of influenza A virus is prone to mutation, causing a worldwide pandemic many times. For example, in the 1918-1919 pandemic, at least 20 million to 40 million people worldwide died of influenza; influenza B virus is also more pathogenic to humans, but people have not found that influenza B virus has caused worldwide A pandemic; influenza C virus causes only insignificant or mild upper respiratory tract infections in humans and rarely causes epidemics. Influenza A virus was successfully isolated in 1933, influenza B virus was acquired in 1940, and influenza C virus was not successfully separated until 1949.

Influenza classification

According to the target of influenza virus infection, the virus can be divided into human influenza virus, swine influenza virus, equine influenza virus and avian influenza virus. The human influenza virus can be divided into three categories according to the antigenicity of its nuclear protein:
Influenza A virus, also known as influenza A virus
Influenza B virus, also known as influenza B virus
Influenza C virus, also known as influenza C virus
Influenza viruses that infect other animals such as birds and pigs have the same antigenicity as the human influenza A virus, but since the classification of influenza A, B and C viruses is only for human influenza viruses, it is usually not An influenza virus other than a human host such as avian influenza virus is referred to as an influenza A virus.
Based on the antigenicity of nuclear proteins, influenza viruses are also classified into different subtypes based on the antigenicity of hemagglutinin HA and neuraminidase NA.

Influenza genome can improve predictions for the next flu outbreak

This paper is a paper analysis of the paper "Nucleotide resolution mapping of influenza A virus nucleoprotein-RNA interactions reveals RNA features required for replication". The paper was published in the journal Nature Communications in January 2018 and was authored by the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.

Influenza genome can improve predictions for the next flu outbreak

Influenza strains from different species (birds, humans or pigs) can produce a new influenza virus when genetically combined, when the new virus spreads faster in the population and the flu symptoms it causes are more than a single When the virus strain is more serious, an influenza pandemic will occur. Therefore, the public health monitoring department will pay special attention to the places where people are in close contact with animals to get the first signs of a new influenza pandemic. Some researchers believe that influenza strains from different species need to have some similar genomic properties in order to recombine and produce new strains. This study validates this hypothesis.

Influenza viruses infect cells and replicate a large number of genes and viral proteins in the cells, which then recombine into new viruses. The genome of the influenza virus can be divided into 8 small pieces of RNA, a DNA-like molecule. When a cell is simultaneously infected with two or more influenza viruses, genetic fragments from different strains are mixed. The result is often the creation of a new strain of influenza virus (whose genetic information comes from multiple parental strains).

Research methods and results

This study used photoactivated ribonucleoside enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) to assess the interaction of influenza A virus nucleoprotein (NP) with viral RNA (vRNA) in infected human cells. Native state.

The results indicate that the influenza A virus nucleoprotein NP has no apparent sequence specificity when it binds a short fragment of RNA (12 nucleotides) to an inconsistent fragment. In addition, NP binding is reduced at specific locations within the viral genome, including those previously thought to be required for viral genomic segment packaging. In these low-NP binding regions, researchers used synonymous mutations to alter the specific structure of RNA, and found that structural changes affect the assembly of viral proteins and cause attenuation of the virus, while the same induced mutations are not similar in the NP-bound region. The effect appears.

This study found that certain parts of the viral RNA genome were folded into specific 3D shapes like origami, and these shapes were necessary for virus reproduction. When they induce a genomic mutation to change the shape, the virus does not multiply well.

in conclusion

This study demonstrates that sequence conservation of low NP binding regions is essential for the production of new strains. The results of this research allow us to focus on certain specific strains of influenza, and to narrow our monitoring targets to make monitoring more efficient, so that there is a better chance to determine the next flu before the virus spreads. Pandemic.

What is the cause of the flu? The genomic product of the flu virus

Abstract: Influenza virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family. It is an enveloped RNA virus with a spherical shape of 80-100 nm in diameter or a filament of thousands of nanometers.

What is the cause of the flu? The genomic product of the flu virus

Cause of influenza

The influenza virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and is an enveloped RNA virus. Its appearance is spherical with a diameter of 80-100 nm or a filament of thousands of nanometers. The virus consists of the envelope and the nucleocapsid .

The components of the envelope include membrane proteins (M1, M2), bilayer lipid membranes, and glycoprotein protrusions. The glycoprotein neurites contain both hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), both of which are antigenic and subtype specific. The nucleocapsid is a thin spiral filament, spirally symmetric, 9 to 15 nm in diameter, including nuclear protein (NP), three polymerase proteins (PB-1, PB-2, PA) and viral RNA; the viral genome is single-stranded Negative strand RNA.

Classification and nomenclature of influenza virus According to the different antigenicity of viral nuclear protein (NP) and membrane protein (MP), the influenza virus is divided into three types: A, B, and C; according to the difference of HA and NA antigens, the same type of virus is divided into two types. Several subtypes. Subtype division is based on genetic analysis and agar diffusion double diffusion. The principles of influenza virus nomenclature published by the World Health Organization in 1980 are as follows: type/host/separation site/segregation date/viral strain number (hemagglutinin subtype and neuraminidase subtype). For example, A/equine/Singapore/3/52 (H7/N3), meaning: influenza A virus/host is horse/separated in Singapore/time is March 1952/subtype is H7N3. Up to now, there have been 15 subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1~15), and 9 subtypes (N1~9) of neuraminidase. The main ones related to humans are A1 (H1N1), A. 2 (H2N2), A3 (H3N2) and Type B.

Do you get the flu? The answer may be in your genome

From the end of last year to March and April this year, the flu pandemic around the world, and even many people have died. Have you ever worried that you will be infected with this terrible virus? According to Genomic Medicine, there is now a way to predict if you are susceptible to the flu.

Do you get the flu? The answer may be in your genome

In this study, researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine found a sign in human blood that predicts whether or not they will be infected with the flu virus. Specifically, the researchers found that people infected with influenza had lower levels of natural killer cells (NK cells) in their immune cells. If the levels of these cells in the blood are above a certain threshold, people will not get the flu.

NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that are essential for the innate immune system and function similarly to cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immune responses in vertebrates. NK cells provide a rapid response to virus-infected cells, function about 3 days after infection, and respond to tumor formation. Typically, immune cells detect the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) present on the surface of infected cells, triggering the release of cytokines, causing lysis or apoptosis. However, NK cells are unique in that they are able to recognize stress cells without antibodies and MHC, allowing for a faster immune response.

For the first time in history, the influenza virus gene can finally be detected directly in its original RNA form.

The latest technology allows the flu virus to be sequenced for the first time in the form of its original RNA. The genetic code of the influenza virus, like other viruses, is stored in RNA, so if you want to measure its gene sequence, it can only be obtained by sequencing the reverse-transcribed DNA under the previous limited technology. However, this new invention uses nanopore sequencing technology to directly read out its RNA sequence as it passes through a tiny molecular pump.

For the first time in history, the influenza virus gene can finally be detected directly in its original RNA form.

“This is the first time in history that we can look at the original form of the gene,” says microbiologist John Barnes of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta. Barnes led the study and published a pre-release of the paper on BioRxiv on April 12. He said: "This will bring a lot of possibilities for subsequent research."

Barnes and his team are most interested in studying the genes of viruses. Other studies involve RNA in various tissues and organs, as well as RNA in humans. Researchers have long wanted to elucidate their role in cellular function by measuring molecular modifications on RNA, but it has been difficult to conduct such experiments.

“The biggest breakthrough this invention will bring is the ability to discover RNA modifications that are transformative,” said Ewan Birney, co-director of the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI).

How long does the flu vaccine work? Will you get the flu after the flu shot?

The flu vaccine is an influenza virus inactivated vaccine that produces antibodies in the human body after vaccination, thereby exerting a protective effect. So, how long does the flu vaccine work? How long is the flu vaccine valid? Also, will you get the flu after the flu shot?

How long does the flu vaccine work? Will you get the flu after the flu shot?

 How long does the flu vaccine work?

It usually takes about 15 days after the flu vaccine to produce effective protective antibodies. Therefore, it is recommended to start vaccination about one month before the peak of influenza epidemic in order to play a more effective role in vaccine protection. It is generally appropriate to get a flu shot from September to November before the annual influenza epidemic, and a 60%-90% protection effect can be obtained.

Of course, the specific onset time, individuals may have differences. Vaccines rely on the immune system of an individual to produce an immune response, so if the immune system is different, it may affect the concentration and duration of antibodies produced.

In addition, just because there is a 15-day onset time, it also means that after the flu vaccine, you may still get flu or general flu. Therefore, if the flu vaccine is feverish after the fight, but the body temperature is too high, it may be coupled with other diseases, be vigilant. Therefore, after the flu vaccine, pay attention to keep warm and avoid colds.

Can the flu vaccine not fight? Doctor: Not everyone is suitable

The weather has gradually turned cold in the near future. According to the epidemic law of influenza, it is currently in the high season of influenza. The flu vaccine is not playing and how to fight. It is a topic of discussion every year. Influenza, an influenza, is an acute, febrile respiratory infection caused by the flu virus. The biggest characteristic of the flu virus is that it is easy to mutate, which is why the flu is constantly pandemic in the population and cannot be eradicated. The most effective way to prevent influenza is to get a flu shot. Although it can't fight all the flu viruses, it is at least the best choice for susceptible people to prevent flu. The CDC reminds you to prepare in advance and actively vaccinate the flu before the flu arrives to prevent the health hazards caused by the flu.

Can the flu vaccine not fight? Doctor: Not everyone is suitable

Children need to stay for half an hour after vaccination

Before taking the child to the hospital for flu shots, you need to be prepared. First, we must carefully observe the child's physical and mental condition. If the child is found to have some "snoring", it may be ill. The time for vaccination should be postponed. The second is to take a bath in advance, because the wound can not be wet for a period of time after the inoculation, and at the same time, the child is replaced with soft and wide underwear to facilitate the injection. The third is to ensure rest and avoid fasting.

Three major mistakes in the flu vaccine, seven common problems

Myth 1: I am very healthy, there is no need to vaccinate, and getting sick can improve my immunity.

Three major mistakes in the flu vaccine, seven common problems

Compared with the common cold, the flu virus is not a small trouble. The population is generally susceptible, and healthy people will also be recruited. It is characterized by high fever, headache, and body aches. It is more serious than the common cold, it is highly contagious and harmful, and the risk of complications such as viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, respiratory failure, and myocarditis will increase. The idea of ​​improving immunity through infection with influenza virus is very likely. Not worth the candle.

Even if you are healthy, you should consider it for others. If you have an elderly person, a child, or you often go to a public place and get in touch with a weak person, you may be able to transmit the flu virus to others.

Myth 2: I have a cold after taking the flu vaccine. It is useless to use the vaccine.

We have to analyze the specific situation. First of all, in addition to the influenza virus, there are many viruses that can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, and other colds, such as rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, etc. We must first distinguish between the flu and the common cold.

In comparison, the systemic symptoms of the flu are heavier, and the respiratory symptoms such as sore throat, runny nose, cough, and cough are more pronounced.

Secondly, the protection rate after flu vaccine is not 100%. However, if you get the flu after the vaccine, the clinical manifestations are often relatively light. The chances of serious complications such as pneumonia are also much smaller than those of the flu. It is these serious complications that people are afraid of.

Is the flu shot effective?

Why is the flu season so bad this year?

Is the flu shot effective?

Different influenza strains are prevalent each year. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, this year, the H1N1 flu is particularly prevalent. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in most H3-based years, the country often finds more serious cases of influenza, especially in young children and the elderly, as well as reduced vaccine efficacy, leading to more total infections and more. Hospitalization. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the H3 virus is also after the severe flu season in 2014-2015 and 2012-2013. A separate influenza virus H1N1 virus has also appeared in some parts of the country, increasing the number of viruses. The CDC sounds like a warning of a fatal flu epidemic; they call for an emergency meeting because the epidemic spreads

How widespread is the flu this year?

Since the influenza season monitoring began on October 1, approximately 60,000 samples have been tested positive for influenza in clinical or public laboratories. The current hospitalization rate is 22.7 per 100,000 US residents. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention claims that the 2017-2018 flu epidemic is an epidemic, but points out that it meets this standard technically almost every year. Jenigan said at the briefing: "We are at the peak now, and we may see it below the baseline in a few months. "So, yes, we are definitely popular, but every year in the US and the Northern Hemisphere The flu has occurred. ”

If you decide to get a flu shot, be sure to know these points.

In the flu season, flu vaccination is an effective measure to prevent flu. The elderly with basic diseases and children with relatively weak resistance are the key vaccinators. The best time to get a flu shot is before the start of the annual flu season. After one week of flu vaccination, antibodies can be produced. After two weeks, the immune antibody reaches the highest level and is generally protected for one year.

If you decide to get a flu shot, be sure to know these points.

You have to understand these misunderstandings:

1. Misunderstanding: last year's flu vaccine can still be played this year

Positive solution: flu vaccines vary from year to year

Unlike the common cold, the flu is an acute respiratory infection caused by a highly susceptible influenza virus. It can be divided into three types: A, B, and C. Each type is subtyped. In fact, basically the beginning of the annual analysis of the flu virus began to produce vaccines, so that the annual flu vaccine is changing.

2. Misunderstanding: Everyone is suitable for flu vaccine

Positive solution: pregnant women and severe allergies should be cautious

Not everyone is suitable for flu vaccination, such as people who are allergic to eggs and any kind of vaccine components and those with severe chronic diseases can not be vaccinated; fever, acute infection, acute chronic diseases should be postponed vaccination; pregnant women and severe allergies Physical fitness should be carefully selected for vaccination.

3. Misunderstanding: no cold after flu shot

Positive solution: still cause colds caused by bacteria, etc.

Health care workers said that vaccination against the flu does not mean that they will not catch a cold. The flu vaccine is only for the flu. It only produces antibodies against the flu virus, but it does not prevent or resist the cold caused by bacteria, other viruses or mycoplasma. ability. Therefore, some people have caught a flu vaccine and have caught a cold. They think that the vaccine has no effect, but it is not.

How many children can get a flu shot? Don’t vaccinate a baby under 6 months.

It takes at least six months for the baby to get a flu shot. For more than 6 months, it is best to give a child a flu shot for a 1-year-old baby. Because the child's immunity is poor, the baby can be protected from the flu vaccine. For babies under 6 months, because the antibodies brought from the mother after birth are still there, they have not disappeared, so there is no need for vaccination.

How many children can get a flu shot? Don’t vaccinate a baby under 6 months.

Existing flu vaccines cannot be directly vaccinated for infants younger than 6 months, and flu can be prevented by vaccination during pregnancy, vaccination against babies' family members and caregivers.


Influenza vaccine baby has to take a few shots

Children between 6 months and 3 years old need to take two needles a year. The interval between the two needles is 28 days, 0.25ml per needle. For those over 3 years old, 0.5ml per needle per needle, 0.5ml per needle.

Baby bird flu symptoms How to prevent bird flu

Recently, bird flu has quietly sneaked into our side. People are starting to panic. What are the symptoms of baby infection with bird flu? What are the symptoms of baby bird flu? How can the baby prevent bird flu?

Baby bird flu symptoms How to prevent bird flu

Baby bird flu symptoms

People infected with H7N9 avian influenza have an acute onset, and the incubation period is generally less than 7 days. The early symptoms are very similar to other flu, and generally manifest as flu-like symptoms such as fever, runny nose, stuffy nose, cough, sputum, and headache. Muscle soreness and general malaise.

Some patients may have gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and watery stool. Some patients may have conjunctivitis, and most of the body temperature lasts above 102℉. Some patients may show unilateral or bilateral pneumonia on the chest X-ray. The patient has pleural effusion.

How to prevent flu from pregnant women should pay more attention to these ten points

How do pregnant women prevent flu?

How to prevent flu from pregnant women should pay more attention to these ten points

Influenza is a respiratory infection caused by a virus. The unique immune tolerance during pregnancy makes pregnant women less resistant to disease than the general population and is susceptible to influenza. Pregnant women with flu have a higher incidence of complications than the general population. Due to limited medication during pregnancy, the flu can sometimes not be controlled in time.


The measures for pregnant women to prevent influenza are as follows:

1. Pregnant women should try to avoid crowded, prosperous and crowded public places. On the one hand, the air in these places is not fresh and affects the oxygen supply of the fetus. On the other hand, the density of pathogenic microorganisms in public places is much higher than other areas, especially in the flu. During the prevailing period, and the pregnant women's resistance is poor, it is easy to spread the disease.

2. Wear a mask when going out, usually use a light salt water to gargle, indoors should pay attention to air circulation, keep clean, such as patients with influenza around the room should be given indoor air disinfection.

3. Life is regular, not too tired, should ensure that sleep is about 10 hours a day, diet diversification, not partial eclipse, try to do a small amount of meals.

4. Enhance physical exercise, do more outdoor activities, more sun, enhance their disease resistance.

5. Air conditioning ventilation, can not replace the window, should allow fresh air to enter the room continuously, should be ventilated after nap and before going to bed. In addition, it is necessary to open the window to change the air after the sun comes out. If the sun has not come out to open the window for ventilation, the outdoor carbon dioxide concentration is higher, which is not good for pregnant women. If the air pollution index is large, it is not conducive to ventilation and ventilation, and the air freshener can be used.

6. When the expectant mother is cold, or feels like a cold, drink a bowl of hot brown sugar ginger water, and then sleep beautifully. Raw garlic, raw onions, medicine, raw garlic, raw onions are a good way to prevent colds. Allicin capsules are extracted from garlic. Garlic not only has the effect of preventing colds, but also inhibits intestinal pathogens.

7. Every morning after getting up and washing, use salt water to gargle, and then drink half a cup of boiled water, not only can prevent colds, but also good for the health of the gums, because the gums during pregnancy are congested, susceptible to gingivitis.

8. Wash your face with cold water in the morning to enhance your ability to resist colds. Wash your face with warm water at night to avoid drowsiness due to cold stimulation.

9. The winter air humidity is low, especially in the north, indoor heating with more heating, the air is very dry, dry air is conducive to the accumulation of virus in the respiratory tract. A humidifier can be used to maintain a suitable humidity in the room.


Pregnant women should also pay attention to diet when preventing influenza

1. Eat more zinc-containing food

In the absence of zinc, the respiratory defense function is reduced. Pregnant women need to consume more zinc-containing foods than usual. Seafoods such as seafood, lean meat, peanuts, sunflower seeds and beans are rich in zinc.

2. Eat more foods containing vitamin C

Vitamin C is a scavenger for harmful substances in the body, and it also has the function of improving ciliary movement and defense of the respiratory tract. It is recommended to eat more foods rich in vitamin C or vitamin C tablets, such as tomatoes, cauliflower, green peppers, citrus, strawberries, kiwi, watermelon, grapes and so on. Vitamin C will be lost in a large amount during heating, and care should be taken when cooking.

What is good for baby flu? These six foods should not be less.

After the baby gets the flu, the appetite drops. Many things have no appetite. So what is the baby flu?

What is good for baby flu? These six foods should not be less.

1. Zinc rich food

When the baby is suffering from the flu, eating more foods rich in zinc can improve the resistance. After all, zinc plays an extremely important role in important physiological processes such as human growth and development, reproductive genetics, immunity and endocrine. Moreover, zinc is a "buster" of many viruses. Eating more zinc-rich foods during the high season of colds helps the body resist cold viruses because it can directly inhibit virus proliferation. Meat, seafood and poultry are the most abundant in zinc. In addition, a variety of beans, hard fruits and various seeds are also good zinc-containing foods to choose from.

2. Foods rich in vitamin C

Vitamin C-rich foods indirectly promote antibody synthesis and enhance immunity. All kinds of fresh green leafy vegetables and various fruits are good foods for vitamin C, such as carrots, leeks, spinach, pumpkin, red and yellow fruits, and animals. Liver, milk, etc.

Is it necessary to fight baby flu vaccine?

Winter is the season of flu. Many mothers want to ask if the baby flu vaccine is necessary to fight? If the flu vaccine is vaccinated, when is the best time?

Is it necessary to fight baby flu vaccine?

Influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. It is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets. It can also be spread by handkerchiefs or clothing contaminated by viruses. It is highly contagious and will continue to have high fever after the onset, obvious headache and body aches. Extremely weak, it may also cause some life-threatening complications such as pneumonia, myocarditis and meningitis.

Infants and young children aged 6 months to 3 years old are at high risk of influenza, with an infection rate of 50% or more, 1.5 to 3 times higher than that of adults. And baby flu is easy to cause complications such as otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, encephalitis and myocarditis, and the mortality caused by the flu is 3%. Therefore, it is very important to prevent baby flu. One of the most effective ways to prevent influenza is to get a flu shot.

What are the symptoms of baby flu?

What are the symptoms of baby flu?

What are the symptoms of baby flu?

1. Fever and high fever baby flu symptoms? When the baby is suffering from the flu, he will have a fever due to viral infection, and it is easy to have a high fever of more than 40 degrees. Children's flu fever is generally high. Generally speaking, the smaller the child is, the more fever High, high fever can cause dehydration, convulsions, etc.
Care:

•  With a water temperature of 29 degrees to 3l degrees, help the child to take a warm bath, expand the blood vessels, and help the child to dissipate heat.
•  Open the air-conditioning to about 28 degrees, maintain ventilation, help convection, and relieve the child's discomfort.
• Don't let your child wear too much clothes. It should be loose and comfortable. If the child gradually starts to sweat, parents should help him to put on dry clothes, and don't let the child continue to wear clothes that have been wet or not breathable.

How to prevent baby flu in the spring

Spring is here, the weather is changeable, the climate is uncertain, and parents are not well controlled by their children's clothing. Therefore, it is easy to cause a cold. And spring is the high incidence of flu. Therefore, for parents, be sure to master some ways to prevent your baby from getting the flu before spring comes. This will keep your baby away from colds, away from the flu, and grow up healthily.

How to prevent baby flu in the spring

1. Vaccination

This is a more effective means. Generally, when the flu is in high incidence, there will be regular medical institutions to carry out rug-based vaccination for children. If parents are worried that their baby will also get the flu, they can get a good vaccine in advance, and it is best to prevent it. But parents should remember that vaccination is just to prevent the influenza virus, but it can't prevent the common cold.

2. Wash your hands and get used to it

For the baby, it is necessary to develop a good habit of washing hands. At this point, parents should pay attention to the ability and habits of children in this aspect. Especially before and after meals, or after returning home after playing outside, you must wash your hands before you can take food.

What are the treatments for epidemic encephalitis?

What are the treatments for epidemic encephalitis?

What are the treatments for epidemic encephalitis?

Epidemic encephalitis treatment

Patients should be hospitalized, and the hospital should have anti-mosquito and cooling equipment. The condition should be closely observed, careful care should be taken to prevent complications and sequelae, which is of great significance for improving the curative effect.

1. General treatment
Pay attention to diet and nutrition, supply enough water, high fever, coma, convulsions, patients are prone to loss of water, it is appropriate to make up enough liquid, adults generally 1500 ~ 2000ml daily, children daily 50 ~ 80ml / kg. But the infusion should not be more, to prevent brain edema, aggravating the condition. Nasal feeding should be used for comatose patients.

What items do you need to check for epidemic encephalitis? What are the diagnostic methods for epidemic encephalitis?

What items do you need to check for Japanese encephalitis? What are the diagnostic methods for epidemic encephalitis?

What items do you need to check for epidemic encephalitis? What are the diagnostic methods for epidemic encephalitis?

Epidemic encephalitis check

1. Blood picture
The total number of white blood cells is increased, and neutrophils are above 80%. In a few light patients in the late epidemic, the blood picture can be within the normal range.

2. Cerebrospinal fluid
It is colorless and transparent, the pressure is only slightly increased, and the white blood cell count is increased. Neutrophils are predominant in the first 2 to 3 days of the disease, and mononuclear cells increase in the future. The sugar is normal or high, the protein is often slightly elevated, and the chloride is normal. Cerebrospinal fluid examination can be negative in a few cases within 1 to 3 days of the disease.

What is epidemic encephalitis? What are the clinical manifestations of epidemic encephalitis?

The pathogen of Japanese encephalitis (J-brain) was discovered in Japan in 1934, hence the name Japanese encephalitis. In 1939, Chinese scientists isolated JE virus. After liberation, they carried out a lot of investigation and research work and changed their name to epidemic encephalitis. The disease is mainly distributed in the Far East and Southeast Asia, and is transmitted by mosquitoes, which is more common in summer and autumn. Clinically, the onset of illness, high fever, disturbance of consciousness, convulsions, tonic spasm and meningeal irritation, etc., severe patients often have sequelae after illness, which is a blood-borne disease.

What is epidemic encephalitis? What are the clinical manifestations of epidemic encephalitis?

Epidemic encephalitis clinical manifestations
The incubation period is 10 to 15 days. Most patients have mild or asymptomatic latent infections, and only a few have central nervous system symptoms, which are characterized by high fever, disturbance of consciousness, and convulsions. The course of a typical case can be divided into four stages.

1. Initial stage
Acute onset, body temperature rose sharply to 39 ~ 40 ° C, with headache, nausea and vomiting, some patients have lethargy or mental fatigue, and have a mild neck stiffness, duration of 1 to 3 days.

2. Extreme period
The body temperature continues to rise, reaching more than 40 °C. The initial symptoms gradually worsened, and the consciousness was obviously obstructed, from lethargy, lethargy to coma. The deeper the coma, the longer it lasts and the more serious the condition. Unconsciousness can occur as early as the first 1-2 days of the disease, but it is more common in 3-8 days. In severe cases, generalized convulsions, tonic spasms or tonic spasms may occur, and a few may also be soft. Severe patients may have central respiratory failure due to brain parenchymal lesions (especially brain stem), hypoxia, cerebral edema, cerebral palsy, intracranial hypertension, hyponatremia, etc., manifested as irregular breathing rhythm, double suction Breathing, sigh breathing, apnea, tidal breathing and jaw breathing, etc., and finally stop breathing. Physical examination can detect meningeal irritation, pupils are slow to respond to light, disappear or dilated pupils, abdominal wall and cremaster reflex disappear, deep reflexes, pathological pyramidal tract signs, such as Pap smear can be positive.

The diarrhea may actually be the flu

Gastrointestinal influenza

According to the clinical manifestations and severity of influenza, influenza is mainly divided into: typical influenza, mild influenza, pneumonia-type influenza, gastrointestinal influenza, poisoned influenza, and neurological influenza. The vast majority of patients present with typical flu, the main symptoms are high fever, headache, body pain, fatigue, sore throat and cough. These manifestations are mainly symptoms of systemic poisoning caused by high fever of respiratory symptoms.

The diarrhea may actually be the flu

Recently, the flu has been strong, and the number of influenza patients has increased dramatically in hospital outpatient clinics. Some patients with influenza virus, fever and respiratory symptoms are not obvious, and there are more obvious gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, etc. This is the gastrointestinal flu. Gastrointestinal influenza occurs mostly in the elderly and children with weaker digestive tract function.