Influenza and pneumonia information: September 2018

Saturday, September 29, 2018

The national influenza outbreak, what is the flu?

The flu is a common seasonal infectious disease and has received particular attention this winter. Many people feel that the number of people getting the flu is more than in previous years. Then the flu is a matter of fact. What is the prevalence of the flu? Is it necessary to take medicine if you have a cold? How should we scientifically prevent and treat the flu?

The national influenza outbreak, what is the flu?

Flu and cold
The flu, also known as influenza, is an acute respiratory infection caused by the flu virus. The common cold is a common respiratory disease caused by a variety of viruses, of which 30%-50% are caused by a certain type of serotype of rhinovirus. Whether the flu or the common cold is a type of cold, a cold is a self-healing disease.

How to prevent influenza, what should you pay attention to?

Every season of season change is also the period of frequent influenza, especially for teenagers and the elderly. Because this group of people has relatively low resistance, can you reduce the chance of influenza by yourself? I hope to help you in the way of avoiding influenza in your daily life.

How to prevent influenza, what should you pay attention to?

1. Personal hygiene plays a key role in the prevention of influenza. The flu virus can easily be infected by touching the surface of the mouth with the virus and touching the nose and mouth. Half of the flu is caused by contact with the hands. Therefore, it is very important to wash your hands and keep your hands clean. Try to avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with your hands. In addition, wash your hands with soap to wash carefully, and the time should be as long as possible. The other is to wear a mask when going out. Although wearing a mask can not completely block the virus, it is currently one of the best ways to reduce the infection, at least let us inhale some of the virus floating in the air.

What is an influenza virus?

Virus introduction
Influenza virus, a representative species of Orthomyxoviridae, referred to as influenza virus, including human influenza virus and animal influenza virus, human influenza virus is divided into A (A), B (B), C ( C) Type III is the causative agent of influenza (flu). Among them, the antigenicity of influenza A virus is prone to mutation, causing a worldwide pandemic many times. For example, in the 1918-1919 pandemic, at least 20 million to 40 million people worldwide died of influenza; influenza B virus is also more pathogenic to humans, but people have not found that influenza B virus has caused worldwide A pandemic; influenza C virus causes only insignificant or mild upper respiratory tract infections in humans and rarely causes epidemics. Influenza A virus was successfully isolated in 1933, influenza B virus was acquired in 1940, and influenza C virus was not successfully separated until 1949.
Influenza classification

How to tell the flu and the cold?

The difference between flu and cold
Many parents have difficulty distinguishing whether the baby is suffering from a flu or a cold. Although both flu and cold are caused by viral infections, there is still a big difference between the two.

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Common cold

A cold is a cold we often say, also known as a cold. The virus is spread by airborne droplets, and the nasal cavity is the primary target of attack, but the general impact on humans is limited to the respiratory system. In general, each person has a cold several times a year, but there are no particularly prominent conditions. Under normal circumstances, a person is caught in a cold, too tired, after the rain, due to decreased immunity and susceptible to a cold. Sneezing, coughing, and stuffy nose are the main symptoms of a cold. In severe cases, nasal congestion and headaches may occur. Most are accompanied by a fever, but generally low fever, rarely high fever. These conditions are milder than the flu and generally do not endanger life.

What do you need to pay attention to influenza care?

For hospitalized flu patients, the nursing staff should do the following:

1. During the febrile period, rest in bed, drink plenty of water, regularly monitor body temperature, and take Chinese medicine or antiviral drugs such as Yinqiao Jiedu Tablets, Sangju Cold Tablets, etc.

2. For patients with obvious body aches or headaches, the patient may be assisted to take a comfortable position and, if necessary, to take antipyretic and analgesic drugs;

3. Patients with pulmonary inflammation or cardiopulmonary dysfunction should closely monitor vital signs. Patients with dyspnea or cyanosis should take semi-recumbent position, give oxygen, remove respiratory secretions in time, strengthen supportive care, pay attention to maintain cardiovascular function, poisoning Symptoms can be treated with effective antibiotics or hormones;

What are the preventive measures for influenza?

Seasonal flu is highly capable of being transmitted from person to person and is more important than active prevention and control over limited effective treatments. The main preventive measures are as follows.

What are the preventive measures for influenza?

Strengthen personal health knowledge and education
1. Maintain indoor air circulation and avoid crowd gathering places during the peak season.
2. Use a paper towel when coughing or sneezing to avoid the spread of droplets.
3. Wash your hands thoroughly and avoid touching your mouth, eyes and nose.
4. If you have flu-like symptoms during the epidemic, seek medical advice and reduce exposure to others. Try to stay at home.
5. Patients with influenza should be isolated for 1 week or until the main symptoms disappear. Patient equipment and secretions should be thoroughly disinfected.
6. Strengthen outdoor physical exercise and improve the body's ability to resist disease.
7. The weather in autumn and winter is changeable, pay attention to adding and subtracting clothes.

What are the treatments for influenza?

Treatment
1. General symptomatic treatment
Rest in bed, drink plenty of water, give liquid or semi-liquid diet, suitable for nutrition, add vitamins, rinse with warm boiled water or warm salt water after eating, keep mouth and nose clean, and give anti-infective treatment when systemic symptoms are obvious.

2. Principles of treatment
Early application of antiviral therapy. It is necessary to adhere to the principle of prevention of isolation and drug treatment, and the principle of equal treatment and symptomatic treatment. The basic principles include early application of anti-influenza drugs, avoiding blind or inappropriate use of antibiotics, strengthening supportive care, preventing and treating complications, and rational application of symptomatic treatments.
Anti-influenza drug treatment. Anti-influenza drug treatment is started as soon as possible within 36 hours or 48 hours of onset. Although there are data showing that neuraminidase inhibitors can be effective after 48 hours of onset, most studies have shown that early treatment is more effective.

What are the complications of influenza?

Complication
(1) The incidence of bacterial pneumonia is 5 to 15%. Two to four days after the onset of the flu, the condition is further aggravated, or the condition is aggravated after the recovery period of the flu, and there is high fever, severe cough, purulent sputum, difficulty breathing, lung wet voice and signs of lung consolidation. The total number of peripheral white blood cells and neutrophils increased significantly, mainly by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae.

(2) Pneumonia caused by other pathogens including Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Legionella pneumophila, Fungi (Aspergillus), etc. When the pneumonia of influenza patients is invalidated by conventional anti-infective treatment, the possibility of fungal infection should be considered.

What are the inspection items for influenza? How is influenza diagnosed?

What are the inspection items for influenza? What is influenza?

An examination
1. Peripheral blood test
The total number of white blood cells is generally not high or decreased, and lymphocytes are increased. Severe cases can also be elevated. If combined with bacterial infection, the total number of white blood cells and neutrophils rise.

2. Blood biochemical examination
In some cases, hypokalemia occurred, and in a few cases, creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatinine were elevated.

3. Pathogen related examination
It mainly includes virus isolation, viral antigen, nucleic acid and antibody detection. Virus isolation is the primary method of laboratory testing; viral antigen and nucleic acid detection can be used for early diagnosis; antibody testing can be used for retrospective investigation, but it is of little significance for early diagnosis of cases.

4. Imaging examination
Some patients may present with signs of bronchial infection with increased bronchial texture. In severe cases, pulmonary invasive lesions or pleural effusion may occur, or even fused into a piece.

What are the clinical manifestations of influenza?

1.Incubation period
The incubation period is generally 1 to 7 days, most of which are 2 to 4 days.

2. Performance
(1) simple influenza often suddenly starts, chills and high fever, body temperature can reach 39 ° C ~ 40 ° C, more with headache, body muscle joint pain, extreme fatigue, loss of appetite and other systemic symptoms, often have sore throat, dry cough, can There are nasal congestion, runny nose, discomfort after the sternum. Facial flushing, mild congestive congestion of the conjunctiva. If there is no complication, the self-limiting process is more than 3 to 4 days after the onset of body temperature gradually subsides, the systemic symptoms improve, but cough and physical recovery often take 1 to 2 weeks. Mild flu is similar to the common cold, with mild symptoms and recovery in 2 to 3 days.